Three strategic modes of operation are listed as which?

• A. Non-intervention, defensive, offensive
• B. Mitigation, containment, recovery
• C. Detection, containment, extinguishment
• D. Public protection, evacuation, shelter-in-place

Answer: (A)

Understanding how responders choose their overall approach to a HazMat incident is what this question tests. The three strategic modes of operation describe the posture a team adopts based on risk, information, and capabilities.

Non-intervention is used when approaching the hazard would expose responders to unacceptable danger or when information is insufficient to act safely. In this mode, the priority is to minimize exposure while establishing control from a safe distance—monitoring, isolating the area, and using passive protections rather than direct action on the source.

Defensive mode aims to contain and control the incident to prevent spread and protect the public and environment. Actions are taken from a safe distance to create barriers, establish a perimeter, and stop the hazard from expanding, without attempting to directly alter the source.

Offensive mode involves direct, proactive actions to stop the release or mitigate the hazard at the source, but only when it is safe to do so and when responders have the appropriate training and equipment. This is the most aggressive posture and requires solid risk assessment and a clear plan.

The other options describe different concepts (mitigation and recovery phases, general protective actions, or firefighting-style steps) rather than a triad of responder postures.